Values Of Health And Social Care Social Work Essay

Values Of Health And Social Care Social Work Essay When working in health and social care, there are certain laws and policies which we have to follow. Some of them are the policies and procedures made by our organizations while some are rules and regulations set up by the government. Principle of practice means abiding by all of the rules; policies and procedures so as to fulfil the requirements which we need to follow in order to be an ideal professional in health and social care. VALUES OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE In health and social care, values are the beliefs and ideas that guide us about the way we are supposed to care for others. Examples from experience We can understand and learn more about the values in health and social care working as a care worker in different roles and settings. It is not mandatory that an individual should only be cared for in a nursing home or a residential home. It can even be his/her home. Different types of care settings are as follows: Primary care When someone notices the early symptoms of health disorder then they often visit the GPs. If the GPs find out that the case is rather more serious then the GP suggests that person to go to a specialist. However the individual can return to the GP for follow up care and monitoring of his disorder. Nursing treatments, physiotherapy, radiography and other specialist care may be undertaken at the GPs surgery. Hospital care Sometimes when the patients reach the later stages of a disease or if they need intensive care then they might be subjected to hospitals. Domiciliary care There is often a negative belief among the elderly people that they might not return home if they are sent to a care home or a hospital. In these cases, they want care to be provided in their own homes. When the care worker provides care by travelling to the clients home then it is called domiciliary care. Agencies that provide home care workers should be obliged under the 1973 Act and should make sure that the staffs have undergone proper training and should provide them with necessary equipments. A good agency will have a different department for recruitment and training of staffs and a different one for client enquiries. Domiciliary care can be a problematic process especially when a single care worker has to attend many clients. Residential care In the further stages of a disease, a patient needs to be under care 24 hours a day. Such people need to be sent to a residential care home where they can be looked after by a team of staffs. People with dementia, Alzheimers disease or arthritis need advanced care and hence they can be admitted to a nursing home. It is not necessary that every client in a residential care home is suffering from a disease. When families and relatives are unable to look after the elderly people in their home due to their busy schedules then also they may trust residential care homes to keep the elderly people. According to best care home awards, Morton Grange is Britains best residential care home in 2009. Requirements The requirements for maintaining the values of health and social care are as follows: Equality Different people have different needs. It is essential that the same principle of fairness is used to meet their needs. Therefore, the definition of equality is not only equal treatment of all the individuals but it the similar treatment of individuals in similar conditions. Let us suppose that in a hospital, there are a number of patients with a particular type of brain tumour. In this situation, they should be offered the same option for treatment even if their choices may differ based on a range of factors. Equal opportunities should always be available for everyone. Diversity The word diversity refers to the variations found in the characteristics and nature present among the individuals within a population. When we look at a population then we can notice that people are different from one another in their own ways. We can feel the differences in the language, religion, race, tradition, norms and values of people. For instance, According to National Statistics Online 2007, UK population consists of 71.7 % Christians, 3.1% Muslims, 1.1% Hindus, 0.6% Sikhs, 0.3% Jewish and 0.3% Buddhists. This statistics shows the diversity in religion of the UK population in 2007. As a care worker, it is important to realize the social context in order to understand our service users and accept diversity with all our hearts. Dignity According to the Social Care Institute for Excellence (2006), dignity refers to the state, quality or manner worthy of esteem or respect; and (by extension) self-respect. In the field of health and social care, one should not forget that every person has his own individuality. Being a care worker, one should intend to promote the self esteem of the service users and we should have a sense of respect for everybody regardless of any sort of differences in order to express that we value their dignity. Let us put forward the example of old people who tend to find happiness in small things such as the weather and flowers and try to maintain their dignity and self respect by remembering their past achievements. Listening to them and giving them priority can really help to enhance their dignity. Protect The values of health and social care are likely to be disturbed in some cases. The steps to be considered in order to protect the values in health and social care are: Taking account of limitations We have got our own sets of rights but this sometimes while using our rights we might forget what our limits are. If we forget our limits then we may be successful in hurting other peoples feelings and also violate their rights. Suppose somebody is a popular author. He has the right to express his views, ideas and creativity through his works. However, this does not necessarily mean that he can write negative things about people of a particular group or culture. He cannot mix something like racism in his writings and hurt others. That is not his right. Hence, we should take account of our limitations. Use relationships to promote rights Gilchrist (1992) suggests a number of ways to ensure that discrimination does not exists in our society, they are: Recognise prejudice and discriminatory practice that it can lead to; Value diversity; Understand a need to find ways to empower others; Combat discrimination and encourage others to combat discrimination; Reflect on the organisation and the policies, procedures, practices and facilities which might support anti discriminatory practices. Impact of discrimination on others The unequal treatment and attitude that we show to others is known as an act of discrimination. People can discriminate on the basis of sex, religion, social class, ethnicity, race, etc. We have to abide by the anti-discriminatory acts such as sex discrimination act, Race Relations Act, etc. because discrimination can have only negative impact on the following aspects: Identity When someone is discriminated then he/she may start losing the honour which should possess regarding their identities. For example, when someone is discriminated on the basis of his religion then he may adapt some other religion just to be accepted by others. Self-esteem and confidence Discriminatory acts hinder ones dignity and decrease ones willingness to participate in social activities. For example, due to the sexual discrimination faced by gays, lesbians and transgendered people, they grow up feeling isolated and conscious about difference between them and others. According to www.citizenship.ahsonline.co.uk, over 70% of transsexuals have contemplated suicide in their lives. Colleen Rothwell-Murray. Commissioning domiciliary care: a practical guide to purchasing services. 2000. Oxon: Radcliffe Medical Press Ltd. Sue Cuthbert, Jan Quallington, Values for care practice. 2008. Devon: Reflect Press Ltd. www.pressdispensary.co.uk

Signal Conditioning of Thermistor

Introduction Signal conditioning of thermistor Signal conditioning means manipulating an analogue signal in such a way that it meets the requirements of the next stage for further processing. Operational amplifiers(op-amps) are commonly employed to carry out the amplification of the signal in the signal conditioning stage. The signal conditioning equipment may be required to do linear processes like amplification, attenuation, integration, differentiation, addition and subtraction.They are also required to do non-linear processes like modulation, demodulation, sampling, filtering, clipping and clamping squaring, linealizing or multiplification by another function etc. the signal conditioning or data acquisition equipment in many a situation be an excitation and amplification system for passive transducer. It may be an amplification system for active transducer. In both the applications, the transducer output is brought up to a sufficient level to make it useful for conversion, proces sing, indicating and recording.Excitation is needed for passive transducers because these transducers do not generate their own voltage or current. Therefore passive transducers like strain gauges, potentiometers, resistance thermometers, inductive and capacitive transducers required excitation from external sources. The active transducers like techno generators, thermocouples, inductive pick ups and piezo-electric crystals. The thermistor constitute one arm or more than one arm of a wheatstone bridge which is excited by an isolated DC source. The bridge can be balanced by a potentiometer and can also be calibrated for unbalanced conditions.Thermistor is a concentration of the term â€Å"Thermal Resistor†. It is essentially a semiconductor, which behaves as a resistor with a high negative temperature coefficient of resistance. That is, as the temperature of the thermistor increases, its resistance decreases. The temperature co-efficient is expressed in ohms per unit change in degree Celsius ( ° C). thermistors with high temperature co-efficient of resistance are more sensitive to temperature change and are therefore well suited to temperature measurement and control.CONTENTS  ¦OBJECTIVE  ¦EXPLAINATION 1. WHEATSTONE BRIDGE 2. THERMISTOR 3. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER 4. INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER  ¦METHODOLOGY  ¦SCOPE 1. Wheatstone bridge: Whetstone bridge is the most accurate method available for measuring resistances and is popular for laboratory use. The circuit diagram of typical Wheatstone bridge is given in figure Rx is the unknown resistance to be measured; R, R2 and R^ are resistors of known resistance and the resistance of R2 is adjustable.If the ratio of the two resistances in the known leg (R2 / R) is equal to the ratio of the two in the unknown leg (Rx / R3), then the voltage between the two midpoints (B and D) will be zero and no current will flow through the galvanometer Vg. R2 is varied until this condition is reached. The direction of the current indicates whether R2 is too high or too low. Detecting zero current can be done to extremely high accuracy (see galvanometer). Therefore, if R, R2 and R3 are known to high precision, then Rx can be measured to high precision.Very small changes in Rx disrupt the balance and are readily detected. At the point of balance, the ratio of R2 / R = Rx / R3 Therefore, Alternatively, if R, R2, and R3 are known, but R2 is not adjustable, the voltage difference across or current flow through the meter can be used to calculate the value of Rx, using Kirchoff s Circuit laws (also known as Kirchhoff s rules). This setup is frequently used in strain gauge and resistance thermometer measurements, as it is usually faster to read a voltage level off a meter than to adjust a resistance to zero the voltage.In practical Wheatstone bridge, at least one of the resistance is made adjustable, to permit balancing. When the bridge is balanced, the unknown resistance (normally connected at Rx) may b e determined from the setting of the adjustable resistor, which is called a standard resistor because it is a precision device having very small tolerance. Rx= (R2/R1). R3 APPLICATION OF WHEATSTONE BRIDGE: A Wheatstone bridge may be used to measure the DC resistance of various types of wire, either for the purpose of quality control of the wire itself or of some assembly in which it is used.For example, the resistance of motor winding, transformers, solenoids, relay coils and resistance of thermistor, RTD also can be measured. PRINCIPLE Resistance of thermistor changes with change in temperature. Resistance of thermistor decreases with increase in temperature while resistance of thermistor increases with decrease in temperature. It is a thermally sensitive resistor. FORMULA:- Rti = Rt2Exp[ p (1 / T1 – 1 / T2) ] Where,RT]= resistance of thermistor at absolute temp. Tl °k RT2= resistance of thermistor at absolute temp. T2 °k P= a constant depending upon the material of the thermistor (Typically between 3500 °k to 4500 °k)CONSTRUCTION:- Thermistors are composed of sintered mixture of metallic oxides such as Manganese, Nickel, Cobalt, Copper, Iron and Uranium. They are available in a variety of sizes and shapes. They may be in the form of beads, roads and discs. WORKING:- A thermistor change in electrical resistance due to a corresponding temperature change is evident whether the thermistor's body temperature is changes as result of conduction or radiation from the surrounding environment or due to self heating brought about by power dissipation within the device. THEORY:- .Thermistor is a concentration of the term ‘Thermal Resistor†. It is essentially a semiconductor which behaves as a resistor with a high negative temperature coefficient of resistance. That is, as the temperature of the thermistor increases, its resistance decreases. The temperature co-efficient is expressed in ohms per unit change in degree celcius ( ° C). thermisto rs with high temperature co-efficient of resistance are more sensitive to temperature change and are therefore well suited to temperature measurement and control. Thermistors are available in a wide variety of shapes and sizes.However, thermistor beads sealed in the tips of glass rods are most commonly used because they are relatively easy to mount TYPES OF THERMISTOR:- 1]PTC 2]NTC NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) It implies that the resistance of thermistor decreases with increases in its temperature. These thermistors can detect changes in temperature, which could not be observed with RTD's or Thermocouple circuits. NTC type thermistors mostly used in industry. Resistance of thermistor is used in industry is 2. 2 k Q. for temperature 30 °C. It's cost near about Rs. 10-15 SPECIFICATION:- *Range(? ): 50-300 *Accuracy : ± 1 *Resolution: 0. 01 ? C *Scale: Non-Linear *Thermister Constant: 4000? K OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIRES: One type of amplifier, which finds its way into almost a ll points of measurement and instrumentation system, is the operational amplifier. The word operational indicates that the amplifier can perform mathematical operations like inversion addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, integration and differentiation etc. Properties of ideal operational amplifier are: 1. It should have an infinite input impedance. 2. It should have zero output impedance. 3.It should have an infinite gain (gain of the order of 105 to 109) 4. It should have flat response over a wide frequency range. The operational amplifier consists of a very high gain amplifier with a negative > feedback. The gain of operational amplifier with negative feedback is determined by feedback components and not by the internal amplifier circuitry. APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER: Some of the important applications of an op-amp are: 1. Amplifiers 2. Active filters 3. Arithmetic circuits 4. Log and antilog amplifiers 5. Voltage comparators 6. Waveform generators 7.Precis ion rectifiers 8. Multipliers 9. Timers 10. Multivibrators 11. Regulated power supplies Operational amplifier characteristics: 1. Input offset voltage : The input offset voltage is defined as the voltage that must be applied to the input terminals to drive the output to zero. This is about 2mV for 741 amplifier. It should be understand thet the offset voltage changes with temperature. 2. Input offset current: just as a voltage offset may be required across the input to make the output voltage zero, so a net current may be required between the inputs to zero the output voltage.This current is called input offset current. This is equal to the difference between the two input currents. 3. Input bias current: It is defined as the mean of the two input currents required to make the output voltage zero. 4. Slew rate: it is the highest rate at which the output can change, it is expressed in terms of v/jiS. 5. Unity gain frequency: in many cases, specifications include the frequency respons e including unity gain frequency. This is the frequency at which the open loop gain of the amplifier becomes unity. The low frequency gain is about 20,000 and falls to unity at about 1MHz. he amplifier is said to have a 1 MHz gain bandwidth produt. 6. Common mode rejection ratio (CMMR): it is defined as the ratio of differential gain to common mode gain. CMRR is infinite for ideal op-amp. Thus the output voltage corresponding to the common mode noise is zero. IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF OP-AMP: 1. Gain is maximum. 2. Input impedence should be infinite. 3. Output impedence should be zero. 4. CMRR should be infinite. 5. Bandwidth should be infinite. TYPICAL VALUES OF OP- AMP: 1. Input offset voltage:  ± 6mV. 2. Input offset current:  ±200nAmp 3. Input bias current:  ±7nAmp 4.Differential input resistance/impedence: 2m CI 5. Input impedence for 741 (FET op-amp): 1000 G Q 6. Output impedence: 75 Q. 7. Gain: 2 lakhs 8. Output voltage swing: 26Vpp 9. Supply current: 2. 8 mAmp APPLICATI ONS:- 1. It is used in lab and medical purpose. 2. PTC type thermistors are used to protect the motor from overheating. 3. It gives very accurate reading at high temperature. 4. For measurement of level pressure, flow of the liquid, composition of gases, thermal conductivity and vaccum measurement. UA741 General-purpose single operational amplifier UA741 General-purpose single operational amplifierFeatures * Large input voltage range * No latch-up * High gain * Short-circuit protection * No frequency compensation required * Same pin configuration as the UA709 Applications * Summing amplifiers * Voltage followers * Integrators * Active filters * Function generators Description The UA741 is a high performance monolithic operational amplifier constructed on a single silicon chip. It is intended for a wide range of analog applications. N DIP8 (plastic package) D SO-8 (plasticmicropackage) Pin connections (top view) 2 – Inverting input 3 – Non-inverting input 4 – VCC - 5 – Offset null 2 6 – Output 7 -Vcc+ – N. C. The high gain and wide range of operating voltages provide superior performances in integrator, summing amplifier and general feedback applications. The internal compensation network (6 dB/octave) ensures stability in closed- loop circuits. 1/11 www. st. com Schematic diagram 1 Schematic diagram UA741 Figure 1. Schematic diagram Absolute maximum ratings and operating conditions 2 Absolute maximum ratings and operating conditions Table 1. Absolute maximum ratings Symbol| Parameter| Value| Unit| Vcc| Supply voltage|  ±22| V| Vid| Differential input voltage|  ±30| V| Vi| Input voltage|  ±15| V| Output short-circuit duration| Infinite| | Rthja| Thermal resistance junction to ambient SO-8 DIP8| 125 85|  °C/W| Rthjc| Thermal resistance junction to case SO-8 DIP8| 40 41 |  °C/W| ESD| HBM: human body model(1) DIP package SO package| 500 400| V| | MM: machine model(2)| 100| V| | CDM: charged device model(3)| 1. 5| kV| Tstg| Storage temperature range| -65 to +150|  °C| 1. Human body model: a 100 pF capacitor is charged to the specified voltage, then discharged through a 1. 5kfl! resistor between two pins of the device. This is done for all couples of connected pin combinations while the other pins are floating. . Machine model: a 200 pF capacitor is charged to the specified voltage, then discharged directly between two pins of the device with no external series resistor (internal resistor < 5 n). This is done for all couples of connected pin combinations while the other pins are floating. UA741 3. Charged device model: all pins and the package are charged together to the specified voltage and then discharged directly to the ground through only one pin. This is done for all pins. 4. 4. INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER: The low level signal output of electrical transducers often need to be mplified before further processing. This is done by the use of instrumentation amplifier. The important features of instrumentation amplifier are as follows. 1. Selectable gain with high gain accuracy and gain linearity. 2. Differential input capability with high gain common mode rejection. 3. High stability of gain with low temperature co-efficient. 4. low DC offset and drift errors referred to input. 5. low output impedance. The input amplifiers A[ and A2 act as input buffers with unity gain for common mode signals ecm and with a gain of (1+2R2/Ri) for differential signals.A high input impedance is ensured by the non-inverting configuration in which they operate. The common mode (cm) rejection is achieved by the following stage which is connected as a differential amplifier. The optimum common mode rejection can be obtained by adjusting R6 or R7 ensuring that Ei – Ei R4 R6 The amplifier A3 can also be made to have some nominal gain for the whole amplifier by an appropriate selection or R4, R5, R6 and R7. The drift errors of the second stage add to the product of the drift errors of t he first amplifier and first stage gain.Hence, it is necessary that the gain in the first stage be enough to prevent the overall drift performance from being significantly affected by the drift in the second stage. The drift problem of instrumentation amplifier can be improved if amplifiers Ai and A2 have offset voltages, which tends to track the temperature. The gain of an instrumentation amplifier can be varied by changing R{ alone. A high gain accuracy can be obtained by using precision metal film resistors for all the resistance. Figure shows a simplified differential instrumentation amplifier using a transducer bridge.A resistive transducer, thermistor, whose resistance changes as a function of some physical quantity such as temperature is connected in one arm of the bridge and is denoted by (Rr  ± A R), where RT is the resistance of the thermistor and delta R is the change in the Generally, resistors Ra, Rb and Rc are selected so that they are equal in value to the transduce r resistance RT at some reference condition. The bridge is balanced initially at a desired reference condition. However, as the temperature changes, the resistance of the thermistor also changes causing the bridge to unbalance (Va 4- Vb).The output voltage of the bridge can be expressed as a function of the change in the resistance of the thermistor. Let the change in resistance of the thermistor be delta R. since Rb and Rc are fixed resistors, the voltage Vb is constant. However, voltage Va varies as a function of the change in thermistor resistance. Therefore The negative sign in this equation indicates that Va

Gender Identity Paper Psy 340 - 816 Words

Gender Identity Gender is defined as being male or female as defined by roles, social status, and attitude. The perception of oneself and what characterizes gender identity. Included in gender identity is hormone and behavior interaction, along with the examination of psychological, biological, and environmental influences on sexual separation. Interaction between hormones and behavior has shown to be linked to higher aggression and hostility. The aggression found relates to sexual maturation and genetic characteristics. Androgens and testosterone are major influences of aggression. Hormones affect behavior and emotions. These aggressive effects can stem from contemporaneous organizational influences. Hormones are chemicals that†¦show more content†¦Hormones are also associated with sexual characteristics and function at different levels from infancy to adulthood. Puberty triggers a specific gender and one will attract to the opposite sex (normally). According to Hetheringto n and Parke (2002), studies of brain imaging identified that in female bilateralism there were greater amounts of blood flow. The male brain reflects greater lateralization attributing to a higher success rate in spatial tasks and mathematics. Freud theorized an explanation to the existence of gender-linked behavior. His model theorized that the process of identification, gender schema, and cognitive social learning theory. Freud’s theories were a bit bizarre with the fact of boys having sexual feelings for their mothers and girls feeling inadequate due to lack of boy’s reproductive organs. Kohlberg used cognitive developmental theory that stated that at an early age, children use behavior and physical features of a person to determine gender. Environmentally, a child’s experiences impact gender identity. Depending on family values or morals, a child could be confused by their gender. When a baby is born, there is much control on colors (if boy or girl) and idea s of the parents on how they would want to raise their daughter or son. For an example, a father would treat his son in a rough or unemotional way, while a girl would be protected and nurtured. Known as traditional roles, a boy doesn’t cry or play with dolls, but he can rollShow MoreRelatedHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesand federal government reports are all examples of the administrative nature of HR management. These activities must be performed efficiently and promptly. However, this role resulted in HR management in some organizations getting the reputation of paper shufflers who primarily tell managers and employees what cannot be done. If limited to the administrative role, HR staff are seen primarily as clerical and lower-level administrative contributors to the organization.14 Chapter 1 Changing NatureRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pages 10 ‘‘(B) be authoritative, permitting no addi- 11 tions or constraints for electronic transactions, 12 including companion guides; 13 ‘‘(C) be comprehensive, efficient and ro- 14 bust, requiring minimal augmentation by paper 15 transactions or clarification by further commu- 16 nications; ‘‘(D) enable the real-time (or near real- 18 time) determination of an individual’s financial 19 responsibility at the point of service and, to the 20 extent

Definition and Examples of Kennings in English

A kenning is a  figurative expression, usually compound in form, that is used in place of a name or noun, especially in Old English. Kenning as Metaphor The kenning has been described as a kind of compressed metaphor with the referent suppressed. Commonly used kennings in Old English and Norse poetry include whale-road (for sea), sea-horse (for ship), and iron-shower (for the rain of spears or arrows during a battle). Examples Old English poetry used a special poetic vocabulary. . . . [The word] ban-cofa (n) had a special meaning: its two elements were bone-den, but it meant body. Such an expression is a paraphrase, a reference to a thing by concentration on one of its attributes. A person could be called a reord-berend (speech-bearer) because speech is uniquely human. This device of paraphrase was frequent in Old English poetry, and it goes now by the name (borrowed from Old Norse) of kenning.(W.F. Bolton, A Living Language: The History and Structure of English. Random House, 1982)The poets loved kennings because they were opportunities to vary their descriptions when they told long stories of heroes and battles. . . .So, what could a ship be? A wave floater, sea goer, sea-house or sea steed. And the sea? A seal bath, fish home, swan road or whale way. Anything could be described using a kenning. A woman is a peace-weaver, a traveller is an earth-walker, a sword is a wolf of wounds, the sun is a sky candl e, the sky is the curtain of the gods, blood is battle sweat or battle icicle. There are hundreds more. (David Crystal, The Story of English in 100 Words. St. Martins Press, 2012) Circumlocutions The poets of medieval Scandinavia developed a system of naming by circumlocution, or kennings, which they could expand to a dizzying degree of complexity. They might call the sea earth of the fish. Next, they could replace the word fish by the expression snake of the fjord. Then, they might substitute for fjord the phrase bench of the ship. The result was a strange, prolix thing: earth of the snake of the bench of the ship--which, of course, simply meant sea. But only those familiar with the conceits of poetry would know it.(Daniel Heller-Roazen, Learn to Talk in Beggars’ Cant. The New York Times, August 18, 2013) Contemporary Kennings We clearly see kenning variation . . . in the seventh of the sequence Glanmore Sonnets in [Seamus] Heaneys next volume, Field Work [1979], when names of the BBC Radio 4 shipping forecast (itself possessing the sonority of a formulaic catalogue from early heroic poetry) prompt the poet to expand on the metaphor in the Old English kenning for the sea hronrad (whale-road, Beowulf, l. 10): Sirens of the tundra,Of eel-road, seal-road, keel-road, whale-road, raiseTheir wind-compounded keen behind the baizeAnd drive the trawlers to the lee of Wicklow. . . . Heaney performs variation not just on the concept signified, but on the signifier itself, echoing the hypnotic chant of the shipping forecast. (Chris Jones, Strange Likeness: The Use of Old English in Twentieth-Century Poetry. Oxford University Press, 2006) Etymologyfrom the Old Norse, to know Pronunciation: KEN-ing